Your Battery Pack Incoterm Decides Who Pays Freight and Duty
One pack price, four Incoterms, four landed costs. How to rebuild a lithium-ion pack quote into a DDP-equivalent cost per unit before it enters your TCO model.
Incoterms Selection for Cells & Packs
Incoterms choices for shipping cells versus finished packs, including who carries freight cost, duty, and transit risk.
The Incoterm in Your Pack Quote Is Distorting the Lead Time You Compare
EXW, FOB, and DDP quotes measure lead time from different events. Here is how to convert every pack quote to one dock-date basis before you compare.